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As any 17-year-old will testify, the distinction between childhood and adulthood is arbitrary and frequently fluctuates in response to the needs of the person invoking the distinction. Psychiatric classification is no exception, and many of the disorders described in other chapters occur frequently in children, such as the mood and anxiety disorders. Schizophrenia often arises during adolescence and occasionally during childhood. Furthermore, “childhood” disorders such as intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorder can be diagnosed in adults. Nevertheless, DSM-5 has specified a group of disorders that are considered to be relatively specific to children and adolescents, in that these disorders typically arise during that period of life rather than simply occur during childhood and adolescence. These are the neurodevelopmental disorders, and they are listed in Table 4–1.
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