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Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a heterogeneous group of disorders in both etiology and effects on the nervous system. Some pathogens inflict damage by direct invasion of neurons, whereas others do so by immune activation. Some pathogens have a predilection for a specific brain topography, whereas others cause a brisk immune activation with subsequent injury in the leptomeninges. Some infections are acute and leave the patient with static or gradually improving neurological and psychiatric deficits, whereas others are chronic and may have a progressive neurological and psychiatric course. This heterogeneity in pathogenesis and pathophysiology explains the variety of neuropsychiatric effects seen in CNS infections. In this chapter, we will review some of the common bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections of the brain, focusing on the neuropsychiatric sequelae of these infections.
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